Fundamental Duties

Along With Fundamental Rights Come Fundamental Duties.

Abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.

Cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.

Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.

Defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.

Promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

Value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

Protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.

Develop the scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

Safeguard public property and to abjure violence.

Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.

India’s Constitutional Bodies

India’s Constitutional bodies refer to a number of bodies or institutions which help in governance and act as watchdogs in specific spheres.

Election Commission of India (ECI)

The Election Commission of India is responsible for ensuring the conduct of free and fair elections in the country. These include elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and state legislatures. The commission also conducts the election of the President and the Vice-President.

The commission is headed by the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) who is assisted by one or more Election Commissioners as appointed by the government. Besides the actual conduct of elections, its responsibilities also include scrutinizing election expenses and registration of political parties.

 

Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)

The CAG of India plays the role of a watchdog when it comes to scrutinizing the expenditure by the government under different heads and projects. Over the years, its annual reports have brought to light many anomalies in the manner in which finances allocated for specific purposes were used and losses caused to the state exchequer due to faulty implementation of projects and programs.

CAG reports on the accounts of the central government and its departments, including Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), are tabled in Parliament every year. Similarly, CAG reports detailing the accounts of state governments, their departments and state undertakings are tabled in the state assembly each year.

The founding father of the Indian Constitution, Dr B R Ambedkar, had told the Constituent Assembly that the CAG was possibly the most important officer in the country as he kept a close watch on how government money was being spent.

Attorney General of India

The Attorney General (AG) is the Indian government’s senior-most legal officer. It is the duty of the AG, who holds the rank of a Supreme Court Judge, to advise the government on legal matters on which his or her opinion is sought.

The Attorney General appears in the Supreme Court in cases involving the Indian government. He can, however, appear in all courts across the country depending on the government’s requirements.

Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)

The UPSC is responsible for recruitments to All India Services, Central Services and services of Union Territories. It is headed by a Chairman and has 8-10 other members as decided by the President of India.

The commission is tasked with framing and amending recruitment rules for different government services and posts. It also looks into disciplinary issues relating to government services.

The All India Services whose members are selected under the examination and interview process conducted by the UPSC include the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), Indian Administrative Service (IAS), the Indian Police Service (IPS), the Indian Revenue Service (IRS) to name a few.

Finance Commission of India

The Constitution provides for a Finance Commission of India to decide on the distribution of taxes between the central and state governments in keeping with the country’s federal structure. It is headed by a chairman and has other members appointed by the President of India.

Indian Constitution And Rights Of Married Women

The Indian Constitution And Rights Of Married Women.

1. Right to Streedhan – A wife has ownership rights to all her streedhan, that is the gifts and money given to her before and after marriage. The ownership rights to streedhan belong to the wife, even if  it is placed in the custody of her husband or her in-laws.

2. Right to residence – A wife has the right to reside in the matrimonial household where her husband resides, irrespective of whether it is an ancestral house, a joint family house, a self-acquired house or a rented house.

3. Right to a committed relationship – A Hindu husband cannot have an affair or marry another girl unless he is legally divorced. A husband can be charged of adultery if he is in a relationship with another married woman. His wife also has the right to file for divorce on the grounds of his extra-marital relationship.

4. Right to live with dignity & self respect – A wife has the right to live her life with dignity and to have the same lifestyle that her husbands and in-laws have. She also has the right to be free of mental and physical torture.

5. Right to maintenance by husband – A wife is entitled to claim decent living standards & basic comforts of life by her husband as per his living standards.

6. Right to child maintenance – Husband and wife must provide for their minor child. If the wife is incapable of earning a living, the husband must provide financial support. If both the parents are financially incapable, then they can seek help from the grandparents to maintain the child. A minor child also has the right to seek partition in ancestral property.

Amortization, Depreciation, And Depletion: An Overview

Amortization, Depreciation, And Depletion: An Overview
The cost of business assets can be spread and expensed each year over the life of the asset. The expense amounts can be used as a tax deduction reducing the tax liability for the business.

Amortization

Amortization is the practice of spreading an intangible asset's cost over that asset's useful life. Intangible assets are not physical assets. Examples of intangible assets that are expensed through amortization can include:
Cost of issuing bonds to raise capital
Organizational costs
Franchise agreements
Copyrights
Patents and trademarks
In amortization, the same amount is expensed in each period over the asset's useful life. Assets that are expensed using the amortization method typically don't have any resale or salvage value, unlike with depreciation.
An amortization schedule is also used to calculate a series of loan payments consisting of both principal and interest in each payment, as in the case of a mortgage.
The term amortization is used in accounting and in lending with totally different definitions.

Depreciation
Depreciation is the spreading and expensing of a fixed asset over its useful life. Fixed assets are tangible assets, meaning they are physical assets that can be touched. Examples of fixed or tangible assets that are commonly depreciated include:
Buildings
Equipment
Office furniture
Vehicles
Land
Machinery
Depreciation is calculated by subtracting the asset's salvage value or resale value from its original cost. The difference is depreciated evenly over the years of the expected life of the asset. The depreciated amount expensed in each year is a tax deduction for the company until the useful life of the asset has expired.
The cost of the building is spread out over the predicted life of the building, with a portion of the cost being expensed in each accounting year.
Vehicles are typically depreciated on an accelerated basis.

Depletion
Depletion refers to the allocation of the cost of natural resources over time. An oil well for example, has a finite life before all of the oil is pumped out. The oil well's setup costs are spread out over the predicted life of the well.

Section 375 Indian Penal Code

Section 375 Indian Penal Code
Except in the case hereinafter excepted, A man commits rape if he has sexual intercourse with a woman under circumstances falling under any of the six following descriptions.
Against her will.
Without her consent.
With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested in fear of death or of hurt.
With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband, and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.
With her consent, when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent.
With or without her consent, when she is under sixteen years of age. Explanation.—Penetration is sufficient to constitute the sexual intercourse necessary to the offence of rape.
An exception to Section 375 exemplifies the great tragedy of Indian law: "sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape." Though a fifteen year old girl may be psychologically a baby. To think of it, a man can grab his wife, even when she pleads to be left alone.
Section 375 IPC And #MeToo movement.
The Me Too movement, or #MeToo movement, is a movement against sexual harassment and sexual assault. As the #MeToo tsunami gathered strength, terms such as flirtation, sexual harassment, molestation, assault, predator and womanizer were used frequently. There were some instances of women genuinely confusing flirtation with harassment. As per the 2013 amendment of Section 375 IPC, forcing a victim to perform sexual acts with your own self or someone else is also rape. All rapes are sexual assault though the converse is not true.

Murder Charges

Murder charges fall under two broad categories:

First-degree murder: The premeditated, unlawful, intentional killing of another person.

Second-degree murder: The intentional, unlawful killing of another person, but without any premeditation. 

A homicide that occurs during the commission of a dangerous crime may constitute murder, regardless of the actor's intent to commit homicide. In the United States, this is known as the felony murder rule. Murder and culpable homicide are covered under Sections 299 to 311 of the Indian Penal Code.

WHAT IS HOMICIDE?

A report issued by the United Nations Office on Drug and Crime in July 2019 documented that nearly 464,000 people around the world were killed in homicides in 2017, a number significantly in excess of the 89,000 killed in armed conflicts during the same period. Cornell University Law School defines homicide as the act of one human killing another. a homicide may result from accidental, reckless, or negligent acts even if there is no intent to cause harm. Homicide includes murder, manslaughter, justifiable homicide, killing in justified war or as a war crime, euthanasia which is assisted suicide, and capital punishment. The circumstances of the death is decisive. Homicides are treated differently in human societies. Some homicides are considered crimes, while others are justified by the legal system.